Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics is a branch of science and engineering that studies fluids (liquids and gases) — how they behave both at rest and in motion. Fluid mechanics is subdivided into three main areas: fluid statics (fluids at rest), fluid kinematics (motion without pressure effects), and fluid dynamics (motion with pressure effects). Hydraulics is the practical application of fluid mechanics, particularly focusing on liquids and their use in engineering systems. (Civil Boss)
The notes begin by defining fundamental fluid properties. Density (ρ) is mass per unit volume and varies with fluid type. Specific weight is the weight per unit volume, and specific volume is the inverse of density. Specific gravity compares a fluid’s density to that of a reference substance (water for liquids, air for gases). Viscosity measures a fluid’s internal resistance to flow; dynamic viscosity relates shear stress to velocity gradient, and kinematic viscosity is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. (Civil Boss)
Fluids are further classified as Newtonian (shear stress proportional to velocity gradient) and non-Newtonian (non-linear behaviour). The notes also introduce thermodynamic properties for gases, including isothermal and adiabatic processes, and discuss compressibility and bulk modulus. (Civil Boss)
Key phenomena like surface tension, capillarity, and vapour pressure are explained. Cavitation is described as bubble formation and collapse in flowing liquids, which can cause erosion. (Civil Boss)
Important fluid laws covered include Pascal’s Law (pressure at a point in static fluid is equal in all directions) and the hydrostatic law, which relates pressure increase with depth due to fluid weight. The notes also explain absolute, gauge, and vacuum pressures and describe pressure measurement using manometers and mechanical gauges. (Civil Boss)
Overall, the notes provide a comprehensive introduction to fluid properties, classifications, fundamental principles, and measurement techniques essential for engineering applications. (Civil Boss)
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